ÿDSIìß³AMERFAMEDXPAMEBPCAMEDXB"c,*;˜(unknowno6A,,te/,,a3ess<,mak+,te/s,a3essi#=,/ud5ts)<,visual,impair;ts3,a,guide=<,te/,publi%]s1,te/,develop]s1<&,/ate,assess;t,p]sonnel99<,second,edi;n<<<,c>ol,b4,allman1,ph4,d4<<<,publi%$,june#bjjd1by<,am]ican,pr9t+,h\se=!,bl<,l\isville1,k5tucky<<<,transcrib$#bjje1by<,,kci,brl,s]vices<,peewee,valley1,k5tucky<<<,9#b,volumes<,volume#a<,brlpagesp#a-p#i&#a-gc<,pr9tpages#a-a#chp#apg<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<pg,,te/,,a3ess<99,book,numb],two9!,,te/<,,a3ess,s]ies1promot+a3essibil;y<(te/+mat]ials=p]sons:o>eblor<visu,yimpair$4<7copy"r7#bjjd,am]ican,pr9t+,h\se<=!,bl1,9c4,)!excep;n(..,,ets<,guidel9es=a,te/.,r1d]1:ismat]ial<pres5t$9,app5dix;,f1?docu;tmay2<copi$9:oleor9"p&4tribut$free(<*>ge=$uc,nal&nonpr(itusezl;gz<appropriatecr$itisgiv56!au?or&<publi%]1&!8,"w9,progress0noticeis<9clud$onea*copy4,noo!ruse(?<mat]ialisall[$)\twritt5p]mis.n4<,"w9,progress3,?docu;trepres5tsa<set(guidel9es=mak+te/sa3essi#<6/ud5ts)visualimpair;ts4,^!<guidel9es>ea8"w9progress0&w2<r\t9elyupdat$&revis$za4i;nal9=m,n<iscollect$&rese>*results>ele>n$4<,pl1sea4ress"qs13c]ns1&su7es;ns<reg>d+^!guidel9es6!director(<,,aph's,a3essi#,te/s,de"p;tat<#hjj-bbc-ahcior;e-mail!mtop#cpg,,te/,,a3ess<_+tests@aph.org_:4<,4claim]3,webl9ks9?docu;t7<curr5tz(!date(public,n1bmayh<2comedeactivat$ormodifi$s9ce!n4,^!<l9ks>e=9=m,nalpurposesonly&dn<3/itutean5dorse;torapproval(<policy1views1products1ors]vices(!<publi%+organiz,n4<<,pref]r$,cit,n3<,allman1,c47#bjjd74,mak+,te/s<,a3essi#=,/ud5ts),visual,impair;ts3<,a,guide=,te/,publi%]s1,te/<,develop]s1&,/ate,assess;t,p]sonnel4<7#bndedi;n47,l\isville1,,ky3,am]ican<,pr9t+,h\se=!,bl4,availa#f<_+http://www.aph.org_:4<<,am]ican,pr9t+,h\se=!,bl1,9c4<#ahci,frank=t,av5ue<,p4,o4,box#fjhe<,l\isville1,,ky#djbjf-jjhe<,toll,free3#hjj-bbc-ahci<,fax3#ejb-hii-bbgdpg,,te/,,a3ess<<,,special,,symbols,,us$<,,9,,?,,volume<<,-put],brl,code,9dicators<@7#d7atsign<_+2g9code<_:5dcode<:colon<.7#df7p]iod</sla%<<,ma!matical,symbols<.7#df7decimal</frac;nl9e<@99*sign<@3pp]c5tsign<<,o!r,symbols<997#ce1#ce7a/]isk<_/sla%m>k<<<p#epg,,te/,,a3ess<<,,transcrib]'s,,notes<<,!=matus$onpages#fc-fe9!<,ma!matics,r1d+,sec;nhbe5brldac<6..,neme?,code=,ma!matics&,sci;e<.,not,n1,rev4#aigb4<,onpage#fe1!ref];enumb]islocat$<on!"rside(!pro#m9pr9t4,!posi;n<(?hasbe5plac$on!leftside(!<pro#m9brl4<,pr9tpages#fg-fiisus$=notetak+<9pr9t&hasbe5omitt$9brl4<<<<<<<<<<pg,,te/,,a3ess<<,,ta#,,(,,3t5ts<<,volume#a<,page<,,9troduc;n"""""""""""""""""""""""""#a<,,g5]al,,guidel9es,,=,,te/<,,=mats,,6,,be,,us$,,0,,bl<,,&,,visu,y,,impair$,,/ud5ts"""#e<,,brl,,&,,tactile,,graphics"""""#aa<,,l>ge,,pr9t,,=mats,,&,,graphics#ag<,,"s,,guidel9es,,=,,provid+<,,audio,,v].ns,,(,a,,te/"""""#bc<,,"s,,guidel9es,,=,,oral,,r1d+<,,or,,sign+,,(,a,,te/""""""""#bg<,,a3ommod,ns,,9,,te/+,,/ud5ts<,,),,visual,,impair;ts"""""""""#bi<,,"s,,guidel9es,,=,,brl,,&<,,l>ge,,pr9t,,te/,,response<,,transcrip;n""""""""""""""""""""#ce<,,report+,,te/,,results,,(<,,/ud5ts,,),,visual,,impair;ts#cg<<p#gpg,,te/,,a3ess<<,volume#b<,,ref];es""""""""""""""""""""""""""#ci<,,res\rces"""""""""""""""""""""""""#dc<<,,app5dices<,app5dix;,a3,brl,v]sus<,auditory,a3ess3,a,4cus.n"""""#dg<,app5dix;,b3,template=,te/<,adm9i/r,n3,notes=,brl,te/s""#ea<,app5dix;,c3,template=,te/<,adm9i/r,n3,notes=,l>ge,pr9t<,te/s""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#ec<,app5dix;,d3,posi;n,pap]3,us+<an,abacus9,te/-,tak+,situ,ns#ee<,app5dix;,e3,posi;n,pap]3,use<(,ext5d$,"t""""""""""""""""""""#eg<,app5dix;,f3..,,ets,guidel9es<=a,te/.,r1d]"""""""""""""""""""#fa<<<<pg,,te/,,a3ess<<,,ac"kl$ge;ts<<,!,am]ican,pr9t+,h\se=!,bl<7,,aph7&!au?orwi%6ac"kl$ge&express<appreci,n6all!9dividuals:o3tribut$<9=m,n1guidel9es1fe$back1$it+1<re=matt+1&graphicdesignexp]tise9<ord]6develop&make?docu;tavaila#4<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<p#ipg<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<pg,,te/,,a3ess#a<,mak+,te/s,a3essi#=,/ud5ts)<,visual,impair;ts3,a,guide=<,te/,publi%]s1,te/,develop]s1<&,/ate,assess;t,p]sonnel99<<,,9troduc;n<<,purpose(,docu;t<,!,am]ican,pr9t+,h\se=!,bl<7,,aph7is-mitt$65sur+t$uc,nal<mat]ials>ea3essi#6/ud5ts)visual<impair;ts4,/ud5ts)visualimpair;ts<9clude^?)"susa#vi.n1zwellz</ud5ts)nousa#vi.n4,?docu;tis<provid$zaguide=mak+te/sa3essi#9<tactile1l>gepr9t1&audio=mats4,xis<anticipat$t?guidew2us$zatool=<imple;t+appropriateguidel9eszte/<publi%]s1te/develop]s1te/$itors1&</ateassess;tp]sonnel>edevelop+&<adapt+te/s&assess;ts4,priorplann+<us+!3t5ts(?docu;twhelp5suret<te/s>ea3essi#&wreduce!ne$<6retrofitate/4,"qs3c]n+?#apg,,te/,,a3essa#a<docu;t1!specificguidel9es1or<res\rces4cuss$c2a4ress$6,,aph's<,a3essi#,te/s,de"p;tat<#a-hjj-bbc-ahci4<<,f$]al&,/ate,m&ates<,f$]al&_m/atelawsrequiretall</ud5ts2assess$"?/ateassess;t<proc$uresus+!appropriatea3ommod,ns4<,0!s*oolye>#bjje-bjjf1/atesw2<requir$6assessall/ud5ts'progress<annu,y9ma!matics&r1d+9grades#c-h<&once9grades#i-ab4,9a4i;n1<0#bjjg-bjjh1/atesw2requir$6assess<all/ud5ts'progress9sci;e1atl1/<once9grades#c-e1#f-i1&#aj-ab4,!<report+(^!assess;tresults6!public<w2requir$1zw_!9clu.n9a/ate's<a3.tabil;yplan4,satisfy+^!f$]al<require;tswrequirec>e;latt5;n6mak+<te/sa3essi#=/ud5ts)visual<impair;ts4,9"picul>1/ud5ts)visual<impair;tsh"sunique-munic,nne$stm/<2a4ress$zte/s&assess;ts>emadepg,,te/,,a3essb#a<a3essi#=!m4,m]ely3v]t+ate/96brl1<l>gepr9t1oraudio=matfails6gu>antee<t!items>ea3essi#4,=example1te/<itemst9/ruct!/ud5tto8draw!<results(!foll[+0or8writea/orybas$<on!picture0>entrulya3essi#6brl<r1d]s1ev5if!items>epres5t$9a<r1da#m$ium4,o!rexamples(?<misconcep;n>e4cuss$)9ea*m$ia-<specificsec;n(?docu;t4,c>e;lplann+<dur+te/develop;tchelp5surette/s<>ea3essi#1:ilema9ta9+!rigor9t5d$4<<,expect,ns=,/ud5ts),visual<,impair;ts<,if/ud5ts)visualimpair;ts>e<6"picipatee6ectively9/ate&n,nal<te/+programs1!ym/hopportunities<6le>n^?skillstw2assess$4,(t5^!<opportunities>eov]%ad[$0special<skillstra9+6s*/ud5ts1:omaymissall<or"p(academicclasses9ord]6obta9!<skillsess5tial=us+brl1assi/ive<te*nology#cpg,,te/,,a3ess#b<tra9+1or9dep5d5tliv+skills19clud+<ori5t,n&mobil;y4,9a4i;n6provid+!<tra9+(specialskills1s*oolp]sonnel<m/att5d6ea*/ud5t'sne$=9/ruc;n9<allacademic>1s4,?may5tailext5d$<"dsors*oolye>sorsupple;tal9/ruc;n<0o!rag5ciests]ve/ud5ts)visual<impair;ts4<,/ud5ts)visualimpair;tsm/sp5d_!<$uc,nal"t"w+t[>dacademic3t5t/&>ds1<le>n+specialskillsne$$=9dep5d5t<liv+1explor+appropriatem$ia=a3ess<6pr9t$mat]ial1&evaluat+ways(<-munic,nt>ee6ective=!m4,a3ess<6pr9t$mat]ialmay9cludebrl1tactile<graphics1regul>pr9t)magnific,n<devices1l>gepr9t1!use(ahumanr1d]1<auditorya3ess1or-put]a3esst<providesbrl1pr9t1orauditory9=m,n4<,no"ome?odw"w=e/ud5t1&$uc,nal<p]sonnelm/5suret/ud5ts>eexpos$6&<hopportunities6tryallop;ns(a3esst<>eavaila#4,see,app5dix;,a=a4cus.n<(brlv]susauditorya3ess4,a/ud5t'spg,,te/,,a3essa#b<-munic,nmodem/2bas$on:at"ws=hm<orh]4<,$uc,np]sonnelm/ma9ta9hi<<expect,ns=!le>n+(/ud5ts)visual<impair;ts4,ifopportunities6le>n>e<pres5t9!curriculum1/ud5tswh!<exp]i;esne$$6le>ndi6icultskillss*z<map&graphr1d+1produc;n(graphs&<*>ts1r1d+te*nicalmat]ials1or-put,n<(adv.edma!matics4,/ud5ts_c2d5i$_!<"r6le>ndi6icultskillsj2c!yha<visualimpair;t4,xis^!mdi6icult<skillst>e2+assess$r\t9elyonmo/</ate&n,nalassess;ts(/ud5tprogress<9r1d+1ma!matics1&sci;e4<<,univ]sal,design<,9!3/ruc;n(te/s1!3cept(<univ]saldesignc5surea3essibil;y=av<l>genumb](/ud5ts4,aposi;npap]<au?or$0,s&ra,?ompson&,m>?a,?url[1<titl$..,univ]s,y,design$,assess;ts3<,bett],te/s=.,"ey"o67#bjjb7&<..,univ]sal,design,appli$6,l>ge#epg,,te/,,a3essb#b<,scale.,assess;ts7,,nceo,syn!sis<,report#dd1#bjjb71providesexcell5t<guid.e=!imple;t,n(univ]saldesign4<,am;g!3ceptspos$9?pap]>e!<foll[+3<<,9clusiveassess;tpopul,n<,preciselydef9$3/ructs<,a3essi#1non-bias$items<,am5da#6a3ommod,ns<,simple1cle>1&9tuitive9/ruc;ns&<proc$ures<,maximumr1dabil;y&-preh5sibil;y<,maximumlegibil;y<--------------------------------------#c<,!,c5t]=,appli$,special<,te*nology1,,cast7_+www.cast.org_:7is<an$uc,nal1n-=-pr(itorganiz,ntis<-mitt$6help+/ud5tsa*ieve_!academic<goals"?an9/ruc;nalapproa*"knz<,univ]sal,design=,le>n+7,,udl74<,emphasiz+!import.e(flexi#le>n+<mat]ials&me?ods1,,udlall[s$ucators<6design&imple;tcurriculabas$pg,,te/,,a3essa#c<specific,yon!/ud5t'sbackgr.d1le>n+</yle1&4abil;y4<,!ele;ts(univ]s,ydesign$assess;ts<>e!basis=_m(!guidel9esprovid$9?<docu;t4,a4i;n,y1!ref];esli/$at!5d<(?docu;thbe5writt509dividuals<9volv$95sur+!a3essibil;y(mat]ials<=/ud5ts)visualimpair;ts4<,x%d2not$t"!isaf9el9e(<4t9c;n2t!imple;t,n(^!univ]sal<designele;ts=!purposes(mak+te/sm<a3essi#6al>g]popul,n(/ud5ts&<3/ruct+ate/=brl1l>gepr9t1oraudio<produc;n4,?docu;tdescribesguidel9es<tall[=brl1tactilegraphics1l>ge<pr9t1&audioproduc;n4,^!guidel9es<maynnecess>ilyreflectuniv]saldesign<3ceptsormat*te/publi%]design<policies4,=example1picturesposea<"picul>pro#m=brlproduc;n1bte/<publi%]smaywant6ma9ta9pictures65h.e<r1dabil;y&9t]e/=!regul>pr9tr1d]4<<#gpg,,te/,,a3ess#d-e<<,,g5]al,,guidel9es,,=,,te/<,,=mats,,6,,be,,us$,,0,,bl,,&<,,visu,y,,impair$,,/ud5ts<<,/ud5ts)visualimpair;tsmayrequire<te/+mat]ials9regul>pr9t1l>gepr9t1<brl1tactilegraphics1audio=mats1or<"s-b9,n(^!=mats4,!provi.n(ate/&<relat$mat]ials9brl1l>gepr9t1or<audio6an9dividual/ud5t%d2bas$on!<use(tm$ium0!/ud5t1zid5tifi$on!<,9dividualiz$,$uc,n,program7,,iep7<docu;t4,alt]nate=matte/s%d2us$<only0/ud5ts:ousetm$ium6a3esspr9t$<textbooks&o!r9/ruc;nalmat]ials4<,/ud5ts)visualimpair;tscbe1&m/<be1made"p(!/ate'sassess;tprogram<"?use(a3ommod,nstall[!m<6demon/rate_!k&skillacquisi;n1z<\tl9$9ea*/ate'sassess;tsy/em<specific,ns4,reg>d.s(!m$ia*os51</ud5tswne$a3ess6specialmat]ialss*<zbrlpap]1boldl9ewrit+pap]1pg,,te/,,a3essa#e<talk+calculators1abacuses1rais$or<boldl9erul]s1brlwrit]s1slates&</yluses1^wprocessors1oro!rmat]ials<&devices4,am?or\<4cus.n(<a3ommod,nstypic,yus$0/ud5ts)visual<impair;tsisprovid$9!sec;non<,a3ommod,ns9,te/+,/ud5ts),visual<,impair;ts4,!foll[+g5]alguidel9es>e<recomm5d$=all=matst>edevelop$=<a3ommodat+/ud5ts)visualimpair;ts4<,v>i\saspects(!te/3/ruc;n&<imple;t,n>ea4ress$9?sec;n4<<,3tract,develop;t<#a4,3tracts2t/ates&te/<publi%]s_/produc]sm/9cludeprovi.ns<=/ateapprov$alt]natem$ia7brl1<l>gepr9t1audioedi;ns(te/s1&<scripts=oralpres5t,n(te/s79clud+<answ]%eets&practicete/s4<#b4,te/publi%]sne$6h!capabil;y(<provid+!te/adm9i/r,nmanual9brl1<l>gepr9t1oraudio=te/adm9i/rators<:o>evisu,yimpair$&ne$#ipg,,te/,,a3essb#e<a3essi#m$ia4,!3tract%d/ateifte/<adm9i/r,nmanuals>ene$$9a3essi#<m$ia4<#c4,3tractsm/9clude"tl9es=<develop;t(brl1l>gepr9t1&audio<te/=mats&a3ompany+practice<mat]ials4<#d4,3tractsreg>d+a3essi#m$ia%d<gu>anteetea*m$ium(te/mat]ials&<practicemat]ialsisproduc$0!same<5t;y65sure3si/5cy9=mat&graphic<produc;nte*niques4,eef=t%d2made<65sure3si/5cy(pres5t,nf"oye>6!<next1&f"olevel(!te/6!next4<--------------------------------------#f<#e4,3tractsmayne$69cludeplans6%ip<specialv].ns(te/ssep>atelyf<regul>pr9tv].nsst4tribu;n(!<a3essi#=matso3urs9a"tlymann]4<<,a3essi#,te/,develop;t<#a4,65suretqual;ymat]ials>e<develop$1/ateassess;tprograms%d<3tract)anag5cyorp]sonsexp]i;ed9pg,,te/,,a3essa#f<produc+brl1tactilegraphics1l>ge<pr9t1oraudio=mats4<#b4,produc;n(!alt]nate=matte/<9cludes!$it+1transcrip;n1re=matt+1<design1&pro(r1d+(!alt]natem$ia4<#c4,!"n&ph"onumb](!cu/om]'s<prim>y3tactp]sonne$s6beprovid$6!<produc](a3essi#m$ia6facilitate<"tlyproduc;n4<#d4,a3essi#=matproduc]swne$a3ess<6aprim>y3tactp]son1zwellzitem<specific,nst9clude9=m,nab!skill<&3/ruct2+assess$4<#e4,te/items%d2delet$orsub/itut$<onlyif!item_c2provid$9brl1<tactilegraphics1l>gepr9t1oraudio<=mat)\tsignificantly*ang+!item&!<9t5t(!"q4,al?nrecomm5d$1"ste/<itemsmayne$6beomitt$if!y>en<adapta#zdet]m9$&advis$0item<review]s)exp]tise9!=mat"u<3sid],n4,!dele;norsub/itu;n(<items%dhapp59frequ5tly1"picul>ly<if$ucators)specializ,n9#aapg,,te/,,a3essb#f<visualimpair;tshbe59volv$9!item<develop;tprocess4,att5;n6univ]sal<designdur+te/develop;twalreduce<!probabil;ytate/itemwh6be<delet$4<#f4,ifitems>eomitt$9alt]nate<v].ns1!te/scor+crit]iam/2<rescal$stbrl1l>gepr9t1&audio<=mat"picipants>enunfairlyp5aliz$<&stscoresc2obta9$=diagno/ic&<a3.tabil;yuse4<#g4,sub/itut$items%dassess!same<skill&hequalvalue&valid;y4<,sub/itut$itemsm/ma9ta9!correct<answ]9!sameposi;nzt(!orig9al<te/item4<#h4,allfieldte/items&sample"qs<ne$6be9clud$9a3essi#=matte/<v].ns4<#i4,te/3tractsm/9dicatepref]r$<public,n/rategies1s*zbraill+on<bo?sides(!brlpap]7ref]r$6z<9t]po9t71pref]r$me?ods(produc+<graphics1&b9d+(!brlte/mat]ials4pg,,te/,,a3essc#f<,assi/.e)det]m9+^!specific,nsis<availa#f,,aph4<--------------------------------------#g<#aj4,brlte/s>eg5],yproduc$us+<3tract$brl1aspace-sav+me?od=<cr1t+brl9:brlcellsc2us$<9dividu,yorjo9$tgr6repres5tbrl<3trac;ns&:ole^ws4,if!te/is=a<"y*oranewbrlr1d]12sure<6specifyif!te/isne$$9<uncontract$brl1":byelr(e^wis<repres5t$0an9dividualbrlcell4<#aa4,!=mat(ana3essi#m$iate/edi;n<m/foll[!pr9t=matzm*zpossi#4,t<is1ide,y!numb](te/items&te/<sec;ns%dmat*t(!pr9t=mat1z%d!<ord](!te/items&te/sec;ns4,all<devi,nsf!pr9tv].n(!te/m/2<\tl9$9apr9tcopy(,te/,adm9i/r,n<,notes=!alt]$=mat4,te/,adm9i/r,n<,notesm/9cluderef];e6pr9tv].ns)<associat$a3essi#=matpagenumb]s1<id5tifypassages&items0page7pr9t&<alt]$=mat71&provide9dic,n(#acpg,,te/,,a3essa#g<any*angesmade6!alt]$=mat4<7,app5dices;,b&;,c3ta9templates=<cr1t+,te/,adm9i/r,n,notes=brl&<l>gepr9t=mats47<#ab4,specialrequire;ts1s*zan<9dep5d5tpro(r1d+(te/mat]ials&<exactpr9treproduc;ns(!brl_/tactile<te/items1ne$6be3sid]$&9clud$9!<3tract4<#ac4,,aph'spolicy9a3essi#te/<produc;n9cludesclosecollabor,n)1&<approvalf1te/publi%]s&3t5t<speciali/s65suret$it$items>e<a3epta#z$it$4<#ad4,te/secur;y&3fid5tial;y/&>dsm/<2uphelddur+!process(develop+<a3essi#=mats4<<,te/,develop;t<#a4,te/develop;t%d5surette/score<9f];esreflect9t5d$3/ructs&n<4abil;y"*i/ics7,,aera1#bjjj74<#b4,!3/ruct6bem1sur$m/2specifi$9<docu;tst>ea3essi#6p]sons:ow2pg,,te/,,a3essb#g<produc+!a3essi#=mats&p]sons<adm9i/]+te/s6^?)visualimpair;ts4<#c4,availabil;y(3/ructspecific,nsis<ess5tial9det]m9+appropriate<a3ommod,nuse&9!reproduc;n(te/<items6bepres5t$9brl1tactile1l>ge<pr9t1oraudio=mats4<--------------------------------------#h<#d4,te/publi%]sm/ma9ta9a3ess<6exp]ts9!m$ia(brl1l>gepr9t1&<audio1:ocprovide9=m,n3c]n+te/<develop;t&transcrip;n1:oisa#<6pro(r1dte/mat]ials2fmass<duplic,n1&o!rwise5suretmat]ials<>eprovid$9a"tly&a3uratemann]4<,pro(r1d+!brl1l>gepr9t1oraudio<v].n(!te/2fmultiplecopies>emade<3firmst!mat]ialisr1da#&t!<adapt$te/foll[s!pr9tcopy9numb]+<&lr+(te/items&answ]*oices1&t<!graphics>er1da#&9!correct<loc,n4,!pro(r1d]%dal*eck=prop]<=matt+4<#e4,valid;yissues3c]n+all#aepg,,te/,,a3essa#h<a3essi#=mats&a3ommod,nne$s%d2<4cuss$dur+te/develop;t7,phillips1<#aiid74,!provi.n(ate/9a3essi#<m$ia%d23sid]$avalida3ommod,nz<l;gzxdoesn*ange!3/ructt!te/<0design$6m1sure4,ifap]=m.eitem<requiresdraw+13sid]all[+an<explan,nordescrip;nzanall[a#<responseop;n4,if?isall[$1scor+<crit]iawne$69clude9=m,non?op;n4<#f4,alldirec;nsonate/%d2^w$<6all[=alt]nateresponseme?ods4,=<example1use(direc;nsl8circle!<answ]0%d2replac$)89dicateorm>k<!answ]40<#g4,specificguidel9esonanyte/=mat<*anges1all[a#a3ommod,ns79clud+"t<all[.es71&g5]alassi/.etc2<provid$6!/ud5tm/2/at$9!te/<adm9i/r,nmanualorsupple;tal<adm9i/r,nmat]ials4<#h4,te/3t5t-mittees%d2madeaw>e(<alt]natem$iaissuesreg>d+!use(<-plicat$&noness5tialpictures&pg,,te/,,a3essb#h<graphics4<<,item,develop;t&,review<#a4,$ucators)specializ,n9!field(<visualimpair;tsm/29clud$9!te/<itemdevelop;tprocess4<#b4,allte/itemsm/2review$0p]sons<famili>)visual4abil;yissues65sure<tnote/itemisbias$or4crim9atory<t[>dp]sons)visualimpair;ts4<#c4,xisrecomm5d$tzm*9=m,nz<possi#29clud$9!text(ate/item4<,?whelpprev5t!9troduc;n(<picturest3ta99=m,nnec=selec;n(!<correctansw]1b:_c2adequately<brld1pres5t$9l>gepr9t1ordescrib$<9audio=mat4<#d4,9g5]al1use(8vi.nspecific0<languagec2ma9ta9$1e4g418,lookat<!foll[+li/(animals40<--------------------------------------#i<#e4,!te/itempoolm/2l>ge5=bias<&itemreview-mittees6replaceitems<det]m9$6be9a3essi#9brl1l>ge#agpg,,te/,,a3essa#i<pr9t1oraudio=mats4<#f4,arepres5tativesample(/ud5ts)<visualimpair;tsne$s6be9clud$9any<field-te/+(!assess;t1zprescrib$9<,/&>d#aj.c7p4#ajf7(!,/&>ds=<,$uc,nal&,psy*ological,te/+<7#aiii74<#g4,allpracticemat]ialsm/2provid$<9a3essi#=matat!same"ttpr9t<practicemat]ials>eprovid$4,all[<su6ici5t"t=a3essi#=matprep>,n4<#h4,provi.ns%d2made63ductitem<analyses=a3essi#=matte/items4<<,te/,adm9i/r,n<#a4,-put]s&adaptivete*nology1<electronicnotetak]s1cassette<play]_/record]s1!cassettes1;,,cd's1<etc41m/29spect$=prop]func;n+<prior6_!usedur+ate/4,!te/<adm9i/ratororproctor%d29/ruct$on<h[6proce$ifequip;tfailsor<malfunc;nsdur+adm9i/r,n(!te/4<#b4,ea*te/adm9i/ratororproctor(apg,,te/,,a3essb#i</ud5tus+analt]natem$iumte/ora<-b9,n(m$ia%d2assign$ate/+<packett9cludesali/(mat]ialsne$$<7approv$te*nologyoro!r<manipulatives1s*zatalk+<calculator1brlorl>gepr9trul]1brl<pap]1boldl9ewrit+pap]1rais$l9e<graphpap]1etc47<#c4,!te/adm9i/ratororproctorne$s<65suretspecialtools&mat]ialsnot$<on!/ud5t's,,iep&us$=9/ruc;nal<purposesza3ommod,ns>eavaila#1z<ne$$16/ud5ts9!te/-tak+5viron;t4<,=example1ifavisu,yimpair$/ud5t<r\t9elyusesanabacus9!classroom<:5sieall[$6useap5cil<&pap]=-put,nalpurposes1!nan<abacusm/2availa#dur+ate/47,see<,app5dix;,d=fur!rexplan,non!use<(anabacus9te/-tak+situ,ns47<,specializ$tools&mat]ials%dn2<provid$if_!usepres5tsanunfair<advantage4<#aipg,,te/,,a3ess#aj<#d4,9prep>,n=te/adm9i/r,n1!te/<adm9i/ratorne$s6review!orig9al<te/7s71!alt]nate=mat_/s(!te/_/s1<!orig9alte/adm9i/r,nmanual7s71!<te/adm9i/r,nmanual_/s=a3essi#<m$ia1&!te/adm9i/r,nnotes=!<special=mat_/s4,xisrecomm5d$t^!<mat]ials2provid$6!te/adm9i/rator<"usecure&3fid5tialm1nstwofull<"dsprior6te/adm9i/r,n4,?"tis<ne$$s!te/adm9i/ratorcplan<appropriately=!a3essi#m$iate/<adm9i/r,n4<#e4,prior6te/+1!te/adm9i/ratoror<t1*]ne$s65suret!te/isavaila#9<a/ud5t'sprim>yorpref]r$r1d+m$ium<or-b9,n(m$ia1&t!/ud5thas<su6ici5tprofici5cy9use(?m$ium4<-------------------------------------#aa<,,brl,,&,,tactile,,graphics<<,!9=m,n9?sec;ndescribesme?ods=<develop+&imple;t+assess;ts=/ud5ts)<visualimpair;ts:orequirebrltextorpg,,te/,,a3essa#aa<tactilegraphics4,:ile"ste*nology<providesauditorya3ess6pr9t1brlis<critical6lit]acy&m/2anop;n=^?</ud5ts:or\t9elyusex4,see,app5dix<;,a=a4cus.n(brlv]susauditory<a3ess4<,g5],y1le>n+6r1dbrlisnom<di6icult?anle>n+6r1dpr9t4,!tactile<processisdi6]5tf!visualprocess&<cr1tes!foll[+3sid],ns3<<,brl7tactiler1d+73sumesm"t?andoes<visualr1d+1z/ud5ts:or1dbrl<typic,yr1datfew]^wsp]m9ute?and</ud5ts:or1dpr9t7,tr5t@&,truan1<#aiig74<,brlr1d+requirestactiletra9+9page<ori5t,n&r1d+&9t]pret,n(graphic<mat]ial4<<,brl,translat+7,transcrip;n7<,process<,!foll[+>etypes(te/itemst>e<di6icult6reproduce9brl3#bapg,,te/,,a3essb#aa<<,-plicat$tessell,ns<,rot,nitemstuselrs(!alphabet7lrs<onasignoro!rlrsrotat$orflipp$<9pr9t7<,sci;eitemstuse-plicat$pictures<6demon/rateexp]i;ts&o!rsci5tific<3ceptsorprocesses7cell1dige/iveor<musclesy/ems1etc47<,mapr1d+itemstdep5donvisu,y<recogniza#&unlabel$3t95ts1c.tries1<or/ates1e4g41,africa1,italy1or<,florida<,visualrecogni;nitems79t]pret+a<picture)\tsupport+text7<,itemstrequire9t]pret,n(-plicat$<draw+st4playmultiplelay]sor<cross-sec;ns<,visualillu.nitems7opticalillu.n7<<,^!types(itemsfrequ5tlyrequire<ext5siverevi.ndur+brlproduc;n4,!<produc](!brlte/mayaskate/publi%]<63sid]sub/itut+s*items)^?tc2pg,,te/,,a3essc#aa<madema3essi#&:wreta9simil>1ifn<id5tical13cepts&h!sameweiec]tifi$9,neme?,code<transl,ns=ma!matics&sci;e<transcrip;ns&lit]>ybrailli/s:o>e<c]tifi$0!,n,nal,libr>y,s]vice9<lit]>ybrl=o!rtransl,ns7r1d+1<writ+prompts1g5]allit]>yte/+s*z<social/udies&sci;elit]>ytext74<,brl=matsm/2model$af^?(!,brl<,au?or;y(,nor?,am]ica7,,bana7<,guidel9es1f.d9..,brl,=mats3<,pr9ciples(,pr9t6,brl<.,transcrip;n1#aiig4<#b4,zate/is$it$=brltranscrip;n1<nec*angesw2made6make!mat]ial<a3essi#6brlr1d]s4,correctbrl<transcrip;nalrequirest,,bana#bcpg,,te/,,a3essa#ab<specific,ns2obs]v$4,simplific,n(<"sgraphicmat]ialmay2nec4<,simplific,n5tails!elim9,n("s<>ti/icf1tures1removal("ssup]flu\s<mat]ial7)\telim9at+4tract]s&o!r<textmat]ialtisnec6ma9ta9!<valid;y(!te/item71ormove;ton!<brlpage("stextorgraphic-pon5ts<=me6ici5tr1dabil;y0!brlr1d]<7mov+ascale1leg5d1or-passroseon<amap6adi6]5tloc,n74,notet<simplific,nisp]=m$relative6!<3/ruct2+te/$4,ifdur+!te/$it+<process1xisncle>:atis2+te/$1!<te/publi%]w23sult$=cl>ific,n2f<simplific,nsor*angeso3ur4<#c4,reproduc$ref];es1s*zta#(<3t5ts1dic;n>ypages1or9dices1may<ne$6be%ort5$9!brlte/v].n:ile<ma9ta9+appropriate4tract]s&correct<answ]s4,?isd"o63ta9!brlv].n6"o<page1ifpossi#4<#d4,provi.n(p]=m.eitems9brl=mat<m/9dicate6!brlr1d]!am.t(spacepg,,te/,,a3essb#ab<provid$=!answ]4,direc;nsm/specify<!spaceprovid$0su7e/+!"tne$$<6-plete!itemor09dicat+!<approximatepage>eaor!numb](<p>agraphs4,g5],y1"opage(pr9tis<equal6abtwopages(brl4,direc;ns<may9dicatet"!>ef\rpr9tl9esor<ei,n<(graphicmat]ialftextor5closesa<gr\p(scatt]$items4<-------------------------------------#ac<#f4,specificbrlcodesexi/=<transcrib+lit]>y"ws1ma!matics1&<sci;emat]ials96brl4,:5braill+!<3t5t(!pr9tv].n(!te/1brl<transcrib]sm/foll[!/&>ds(code=<brltranscrip;n4,^!codes>eprovid$<9..,5gli%,brl,am]ican.,edi;n1<#aiid2..,!,neme?,brl,code=<.,ma!matics1#aigb,revi.n2&..,brl<,=mats3,pr9ciples(,pr9t6,brl<.,transcrip;n1#aiig4,all?ree#bepg,,te/,,a3essa#ac<manuals>eavaila#f!,am]ican,pr9t+<,h\se=!,bl4<#g4,te/secur;y&3fid5tial;y/&>dsm/<2upheld0brlte/transcrib]s4,?<9cludes!foll[+3<,keep+te/+mat]ials9asecureplace<69hibita3ess0unau?oriz$p]sons<,n%>+9=m,norimply+3t5t3ta9$9!<te/+mat]ials)o!rp]sons<,ma9ta9+4cre;nab!"w2+d"o<,return+allmat]ials6!3tract+s\rce<,reg>d+!3t5ts(!te/z3fid5tial<#h4,anexp]i;edbrlpro(r1d]m/2<utiliz$=pro(r1d+allmat]ials&19<"picul>1exam9+alltactilegraphics<65surer1dabil;y&a3uracy4<#i4,exp]i;edbrltranscrib]smige,pr9t,te/<,response,transcrip;n74<#aj4,brlv].ns(ate/m/9clude<transcrib]'snotes7notes6!brlr1d]<f!brltranscrib]ab*anges9^w+1pg,,te/,,a3essb#ac<use(specialsymbols1&use(any<special=mats74,transcrib]'snotesm/<2writt59pr9t)9!,te/,adm9i/r,n<,notes=,brl,edi;n7,app5dix;,b74<,!numb](transcrib]'snotes9te/s<%d2kept6am9imum4<<,tactile,graphics<,?sec;n(f]s9=m,nreg>d+!use(<graphics:5te/+/ud5ts)visual<impair;ts4,graphicmat]ial1:9cludes<maps1*>ts1graphs1diagrams1&<illu/r,ns1frequ5tly3ta9s9=m,ntis<di6icult6pres5t9atactile=mat4<,rese>*supports!use(tactile<graphics&8!ideatvisualexp]i;e&<visualimagery>enrequir$=!p]cep;n(<simpletangi#pictures'''07,hell]1et<al41#bjjb1p4#ceb74,xispossi#<6provide_mtypes(graphicmat]ial9<brlorrais$l9edraw+s4,h["e1c]ta9<types(graphicmat]ialsei_c2provid$<9brlortactile=mats1or!y>es-plex<tdo+sproducesagraphictis#bgpg,,te/,,a3essc#ac<unr1da#=!brlus]4<-------------------------------------#ad<,mo/maps1*>ts1graphs1&diagramsc<2madetactualif!te/publi%]wall[<"s$it+4,$it+cd9volveelim9at+%ad+<us$solely=visuale6ect1reduc+!<numb](4tract]s1provid+twoor?ree<*>ts6pres5t!same9=m,nza-plexpr9t<*>t1us+descrip;ns6supple;torreplace<graphics1orus+symbols&^ws)akey<6provide9=m,n4,all*anges6brltactile<graphics%d2approv$0te/develop]sor<publi%]s4<,_mpr9tmat]ialsusegraphics<6emphasizeapo9t1provideano!r=mat=<9=m,n1orprovidevisualapp1l4,2c<graphics>e-mon9text1tra9+9r1d+<graphicmat]ial&9t]pret+awritt5<descrip;n(agraphic>eimportantskills<=!/ud5t)avisualimpair;t6le>n4<,guidel9es=tactilegraphicmat]ials<9clude!foll[+3<<#a4,graphics9ma!maticste/sm/foll[pg,,te/,,a3essa#ad<provi.ns(!,neme?,code&,guidel9es<=,ma!matical,diagrams1,,bana<7#aihc74<#b4,graphicmat]ial%d2simplifi$)\t<omitt+ne$$9=m,norcr1t+anunfair<advantage0allud+6!answ]4<#c4,pictureslack+vital9=m,norclues<6!answ]w2omitt$fbrlmat]ials4<#d4,picturedescrip;ns%d2pres5t$<3cisely)9!/ud5t'ste/bookletif<9=m,n9!pictureisvital6answ]+any<te/item4,picturedescrip;nswappe><ztranscrib]'snotes"?\t!te/&m/2<9clud$9!,te/,adm9i/r,n,notes4<#e4,"sgraphics>ebe/h&l$0supple;t+<!image)ah1d+1label1descrip;n1or<key4,$itsm/2madec>e;llyst!brl<r1d]isnun9t5;n,ygiv5anadvantage<orl$6!correctansw]4<#f4,graphicsdepict+m1sure;tsm/<ma9ta9a3urate&truepropor;ns6mat*<!answ]*oices4,ifansw]*oicesm/2<*ang$1!correctresponsem/2locat$<9!sameplacez!orig9al#bipg,,te/,,a3essb#ad<correctresponseop;n4<#g4,keysorleg5dstsupple;tr1d+<graphics%d2locat$at!topleft(!<tactilegraphicoron!left-h&fac+<page4,?adapt,nprovidesa3si/5t<loc,n=s*9=m,n1provides9=m,nne$$<0!brlte/tak]prior6exam9,n(!<tactilegraphic1&5a#seasya3ess0!<brlr1d]4<#h4,brllabel+ongraphicsw2pres5t$<horizont,y4<#i4,*>ts&graphs%d2ma9ta9$on"o<page:5possi#4,ifgraphics&!<a3ompany+te/itemrequirem?an"o<page1usefac+pages6pres5tgraphics<&!a3ompany+te/itemifpossi#4<-------------------------------------#ae<#aj4,ifabrlte/"picipantisask$<6produceagraphicz"p(!te/item1<s*ataskc2a*iev$"?!use(<tactilegraphicmat]ialst>efamili><6!brlr1d]4,ano!rop;ntmay2<a3epta#6te/develop]sis=!/ud5t<6describeorexpla9dataoro!r9=m,n4pg,,te/,,a3essa#ae<,?op;nm/2approv$0!te/3tractors<&9clud$9!scor+crit]ia4,!te/<adm9i/rator&!brlr1d]'st1*]1us+!<brlr1d]'scurr5t,,iep1m/<collaborateprior6!adm9i/r,n(!te/<65suretappropriatemat]ials>e<provid$4,=!purpose(scor+1/ud5t-<produc$graphicswne$6beh&-scor$or<transcrib$96apr9tgraphic0p]sons<famili>)brl1brlr1d]s1&!3t5t>ea<2+te/$47,seesec;non,guidel9eson<,brl&,l>ge,pr9t,te/,response<,transcrip;n47<#aa4,anexp]i;edbrlr1d]m/pro(r1d<alltactilegraphicsprior6mass<produc;n(!brlte/65surer1dabil;y&<a3uracy4<7,kapp]man1,g41,he9ze1,t4@&<,/ick51,j41#bjjj2,poppe1,k4@&<,otto1,f41#bjjb2,ross1,d4,b4<@&,rob9son1,m4,c41#bjjj2<,sp;e1,d4@&,o/]haus1,s41<#bjjj7<#capg,,te/,,a3ess#af-ag<<,,l>ge,,pr9t,,=mats,,&<,,graphics<<,"s/ud5ts)visualimpair;tsr1d<regul>pr9tmat]ials&5l>ge!pr9t0us+<opticaldevices4,o!rsr1dl>gepr9t<mat]ials4,?sec;n(f]s9=m,nreg>d+!<develop;t&imple;t,n(assess;ts=</ud5ts)visualimpair;ts:orequire<l>gepr9tmat]ials4,g5],y1twopopul><me?odsexi/=5l>g+te/s4,!regul>pr9t<te/c25l>g$"?photocopy+1oran<electronicv].n(!te/c2manipulat$<6re=matte/items&5l>geor*ange!<fontzne$$4,!latt]me?odispref]a#<un.sissues\tl9$9?sec;nhbe5<a4ress$dur+!te/develop;t&!regul><pr9tte/hasbe5design$us+univ]sal<designpr9ciples4,manipulat+an<electronicv].n(!te/cbe/yielda<l>gepr9tv].nt9corporates!optimum<r1d+mode=!/ud5t:ousesl>gepr9t4<,g5],y1r1d+skillst>edi6icult=apg,,te/,,a3essa#ag<p]son)l[vi.n:or1dspr9t9clude!<foll[+3<<,visualscann+&skimm+(text<,di6]5tiat+2tsubtlecolors&patt]ns<us$9picturesorgraphs<,r1d+ataspe$-m5surate)regul>pr9t<r1d]s<,%ift+gazefapictureorgraph6te/<item&backag<,%ift+gazefte/booklet6answ]%eet<docu;ts<,captur+an5tirepicture<,mov+f"ol9e(text6!next<,9t]pret+pictures7"picul>ly-plex<pictures7<,r1d+=ext5d$p]iods("t7,koenig@&<,rex1#aiif7<<,3sid],n(^!po9ts1"picul>ly9rel,n<6univ]saldesign(te/=mat&pr9t$<text1wfacilitate!produc;n(te/<mat]ials9l>gepr9t=mat4,9=m,n<provid$onfont1spac+1%ad+&#ccpg,,te/,,a3essb#ag<3tra/1pag9,n1&te/bookletsis!<-pil,n("wd"o0,ela9e,kit*el1pres5t$<z8,r1d+1,topography1&,l[,vi.n10a<,p[],po9tpres5t,n7,,aph1#bjjb74<,rese>*-plet$0,g4,e4,le7e&pe]s<7,report$98,psy*ophysics(,r1d+0<#aihe"?#bjjb9.,vi.n.,rese>*7<supports!guidel9esli/$9!foll[+<sec;n4<<,te/,=mat<#a4,l>gepr9tv].ns(ate/&te/<practicemat]ials%d2re=matt$f!<regul>pr9tv].nstadapt,nsc2made<6font/yle1pr9tsize7po9tsize71<spac+1%ad+1graphics1!numb](items<onapage1&o!rqual;yassur.e<issues4<-------------------------------------#ah<#b4,itemsttypic,ypres5t!mo/<di6icultydur+3v].n6l>gepr9t=mat<9clude!foll[+3<,-plicat$1multi-%ad$draw+s)<ext5sivedetailspg,,te/,,a3essa#ah<,gray-scaledraw+stprovidell3tra/<,colorst_c2di6]5tiat$0p]sons)<color-bl;s<,l>gemapst_c23ta9$on"opageif<5l>g$<,ext5sive*>ts)multiplecolumns<,*>ts&graphstext5dov]s"ealpages<#c4,ifte/+mat]ials>e5l>g$m]ely"?<photocopy+7ng5],yrecomm5d$71!font<sizewv>ydep5d+on!orig9alpr9t<font4,:5te/s>e5l>g$1!fontsize<r>elymeets!#ah-po9tsizerequir$4<,5l>g$mat]ialsm/2review$&pro(r1d<2fmasscopy+or4tribu;n65suret<pr9t&backgr.d3tra/>eadequate&t<pictures&graphs>er1da#&-pleteon<!page4<<,font<#a4,pr9tm1sur+#ahpo9tsis3sid]$<l>gepr9t4,po9tsizes2t#ab&#ah<po9ts>e3sid]$5l>g$pr9t4<#b4,o3a.n,yate/w2reque/$9apr9t<sizel>g]?an#ahpo9t4,9s*#cepg,,te/,,a3essb#ah<cases1!publi%]m/det]m9eifmat]ial<c2adequatelypres5t$9al>g]po9t<size4<#c4,deci.nsab!size(pr9t&font</ylem/2made0!te/publi%]&4cuss$<)ap]son:ohask(l>gepr9tuse&!<9t5d$te/tak]s4<#d4,font/ylest>edecorativeor<cursive%d2avoid$4,/&>ds]ifor<sanss]iffonts)easilyrecogniza#<"*s>erecomm5d$4,ov]all1sanss]if<isabett]*oice4,v]dana1,,aph,'ont1<,antique,olive1&,helvetica>e<relia#*oices4,note3,,aph,'ont1a<font=l[vi.ndevelop$0!,am]ican<,pr9t+,h\se=!,bl7,,aph71embodies<"*i/icsne$$0l[vi.nr1d]szid5tifi$<0rese>*4,afreev].n(,,aph,'ontis<availa#f,,aph4<#e4,l>gepr9t%dh;x-hei(!;t7(atl1/#a/h@9)a?ick;s(<#bpo9ts4,eid4<-------------------------------------#ai<#f4,!use(boldpr9t1"ul9$pr9t1or<quot,nm>ks=hiealmr1da#:5<4play$9asansitalic1sanss]if<font4<#g4,h1d+s&subh1d+s7cap;ns1titles(<diagrams&*>ts&text9sidediagrams7<%d2l>g]&bold]?anregul>pr9t&<set9afont/yletdi6]sft(!g5]al<text4,a3epta#typefaces=?use<9clude,>ial,black1,helvetica,black<,bold1,lucida,sans,bold1,]a,bold<,,itc1,v]dana,bold1,antique,olive<,bold1&,helvetica,bold4<#h4,alltext&graphicmat]ials1#cgpg,,te/,,a3essa#ai<9clud+labels&cap;nsonpictures1<diagrams1maps1*>ts1expon5tial<numb]s1notes1&footnotes1m/2<pres5t$9atl1/#ah-po9ttype1asize<tmeets!,,aphdef9i;n(l>gepr9t<7,kit*el1#bjja74<<,spac+<#a4,l1d+orspac+2tl9es%d2atl1/<#a-a/dspaces6all[p]sons)l[vi.n<6e6ectivelymovefl9e6l9e9!text4<#b4,block/yle=matt+&#a@9m>g9s>e<recomm5d$4<#c4,=mat%d9cludeno9d5t,n(<p>agraphs1ju/ific,n(leftm>g9s1&<unju/ific,n("rm>g9s=ease9r1d+&<transf]r+fl9e6l9e4<#d4,divid$^ws%d2avoid$4<#e4,columns(text1exclud+graphic<mat]ial1%d2atl1/#ci"*s9l9e<l5g?4,g5],y1=e6ici5tr1d+1columns<%d2avoid$4<#f4,te/items&a3ompany+diagrams1<pictures1&graphics%d2locat$closepg,,te/,,a3essb#ai<6ea*o!r&on!samepageifspac+<p]mits4,if?isnpossi#1te/items&<graphics%d2onfac+pages4,answ]<*oices%d23ta9$on"opageif<possi#4<#g4,rese>*9dicatestr1d]s)l[vi.n&<r1d]s)normalvi.nr1damonospac$<fontfa/]&)bett]-preh5.n?an!yr1d<av>ia#-spac$font7,*ung1,mansfield1<@&,le7e1#aiih74<-------------------------------------#bj<,%ad+&,3tra/<#a4,gray-scale&%ad+%d2avoid$1<"picul>ly":p]t95t9=m,nisprovid$4<#b4,!hief>a"pon!color:eel&<avoidus+colorsthsimil>satur,n<7colordep?74,blue&yell[1=<example1provideahi<degree(#cipg,,te/,,a3essa#bj<3tra/:5us$tgr4<#c4,l>gepr9tm/n2us$ov]abackgr.d<designoro!rgraphicmat]ial4<#d4,glossypap]maycauseunnecgl>e4<,dullf9i%pap]9:ite1ivory1cr1m1<oryell[isrecomm5d$&be/-ple;t$)<blackpr9t4<#e4,unnecboxes&fram+(mat]ial%d2<omitt$un.s!fram+providesasep>,n<(graphicmat]ialftextor5closesa<gr\p(scatt]$items4<<,pag9,n<#a4,repag9,n(mat]ialsispref]a#<69cr1s+!ov]allpagesize4<#b4,:iled\#-sid$pages>eg5],y<pref]a#1avoidd\#sid$copy+ifpr9t<w8ble$0or%["?oro!rwiseob/ruct<cle>r1d+4<#c4,":blankpagesm/appe>1type!^ws<8,blank,page0ne>!top(!page4<<,te/,booklets<#a4,dep5d+onte/size1l>gepr9tpg,,te/,,a3essb#bj<copiesmayne$6besep>at$96s"eal<booklets4<#b4,g5],y1!te/booklet%d2nol>g]<?an#i@90#ab@91"picul>ly="y</ud5ts4<#c4,!b9d+(!l>gepr9tbooklet7s7%d<all[ea*page6lie-pletelyflat=<:olepageview+&ease(h&l+4<<,l>ge,pr9t,graphics<,!foll[+guidel9esprovide9=m,n<3c]n+!use(graphics9te/+/ud5ts)<visualimpair;ts:ousel>gepr9t=mats4<,"w0!,l>ge,pr9t,atlas,focus,gr\p<7#bjja71:ometat!,am]ican,pr9t+<,h\se=!,bl1is9clud$9?4cus.n4<-------------------------------------#ba<,graphicmat]ial1:9cludesmaps1<*>ts1graphs1diagrams1&pictures1c<pose"picul>pro#ms:5adapt$=l>ge<pr9t4,fur!r1!-plex;y("sgraphic<mat]ialsprohibits_!2+provid$9l>ge<pr9tun.s!y>emodifi$62comemr1da#<:55l>g$4,mo/maps1*>ts1graphs1#dapg,,te/,,a3essa#ba<&diagramsc25l>g$if!te/publi%]<agrees6"s$it+4,$it+cd9volve!<elim9,n(%ad+1!reduc;n(4tract]s1!<9s];n(akey1or!sep>,n("o*>t96two<or?ree4<,guidel9es=l>gepr9tgraphics9clude<!foll[+3<<#a4,graphics9l>gepr9tm/exhibitgd<3tra/1cl>;y1&a3uratedetails&<9=m,n4<#b4,)att5;n6univ]saldesign=allte/<tak]s1xisrecomm5d$t9=m,n9clud$9<apictureal29clud$9!te/text4<,note/item%drelysolelyona<picture=9=m,nne$$6answ]!te/<item4<#c4,g5],y1pictures%d2reta9$9!<l>gepr9t=mat4,$it+=%ad$mat]ial&<cl>;ywvlikely2nec4,"spicturest<wdne$ext5sive$it+&honly>ti/ic<valuemay23sid]$=elim9,n4<#d4,ov]laidpr9tonadiagramorgraph<%d2avoid$4,:ilevisu,ypl1s+9"spg,,te/,,a3essb#ba<9/.es1?te*niqueisdi6icult=p]sons<)l[vi.n6r1d4<#e4,multi-colorgraphstuseclosely<relat$colorsmay3c1lvital9=m,nf!<te/tak]:oisuna#64t+ui%!colors4<,two6?ree3tra/+colorsorblack&<:ite>erecomm5d$4<#f4,allgraphs%d3ta9%ort1<descriptiveh1d+sortitles4<#g4,-passpo9ts1numb]s1&vital9=m,n<ongraphsm/25l>g$su6ici5tly=!l[<vi.nr1d]4<#h4,mapsymbolsm/2easily4t+ui%a#&<relevant4<#i4,mapleg5ds%dappe>ne>!topleft-<h&corn](amap1ifpossi#1&9cludea<visu,y4t9ctivebord]4,use3tra/+<colors&4t+ui%a#symbolsr?an<reproduc+di6]5tsizes(!samesymbol4<#aj4,ifpossi#1mapscales1too1%d2<posi;n$ne>!topleft-h&corn](!<map4<#aa4,labels%d2>rang$)9!b.d>ies(!<c.tryor/atebord]s:5"e#dcpg,,te/,,a3essc#ba<possi#4<#ab4,symbolsus$%d2r1sona#&m1n+;l<repres5t,ns1e4g41afi%=fi%+4<#ac4,b.d>ies2tc.tries%d2bold]&<?ick]?anb.d>ies2t/atesorprov9ces<onamap4<#ad4,pictures&graphsus$9te/"qs<requir+m1sure;tm/2true6!size<9t5d$9ord]65suretacorrectansw]<isavaila#4<-------------------------------------#bb<#ae4,te/publi%]s&3tractorswne$<6a4ress!degree(a3uracytis<expect$="qs9volv+m1sur+ordraw+4<,=example1"sl>gepr9tr1d]smayn2<a#64t+ui%2t#g/af@9&#h/af@9ona<rul]4,!degree(a3uratem1sure;t=<l>gepr9tr1d]smayne$6beadju/$f!<degree(a3uracyrequir$(!regul>te/<tak]un.s?3di;n9hibits!l>gepr9t<r1d]fmeet+!assess;tobjective4<#af4,ifagraphorta#doesnexce$"o<page9!orig9almat]ials1!n!l>ge<pr9tv].n%d2$it$6fiton"opage1pg,,te/,,a3essa#bb<ifpossi#4,p]t95t9=m,n&4tract]sm/<2ma9ta9$4<-------------------------------------#bc<,,"s,,guidel9es,,=,,provid+<,,audio,,v].ns,,(,a,,te/<<,?sec;niswritt56provideassi/.e<6te/publi%]s&n,nal&/ate$uc,n<assess;tp]sonnel9!develop;t&<imple;t,n(a3essi#te/s=/ud5ts)<visualimpair;ts:orequireaudiov].ns<(ate/4,audio=mats9cludecassette<tape1video1or;,,cdte/v].ns4,al?an<audiov].n(ate/may2madeavaila#1!<audiov].nwne$6bea3ompani$0apr9t<orbrlv].n(!te/orasupple;t(l>ge<pr9tortactilegraphicssta/ud5tmay<ha3ess6-plicat$graphicmat]ialtmay<n2describ$1oronlym9im,ydescrib$on<!audiov].n(!te/4,3sid],n(^!po9ts<wfacilitate!produc;n(te/mat]ials9<audio=mat47,see,app5dix;,a=a4cus.n<reg>d+brlv]susauditorya3ess47<#depg,,te/,,a3essa#bc<#a4,anexp]i;edte/$itor%d29volv$9<$it+=anaudiopres5t,n(ate/4,!<audioedi;nwne$6becoord9at$)o!r<m$ia9:!te/w2provid$4<#b4,asc]ta9+:e!r!audio=matw2<adm9i/]$onan9dividualbasisor9a<smallgr\psett+isimportant1z!<9=m,non!audio=mat&!9=m,n6be<provid$0!te/adm9i/ratormayv>y<dep5d+on!sett+4<#c4,/ud5tsus+audiov].ns(ate/%dh<_hanadequateam.t(exp]i;eus+!<specificaudiom$ium&audioequip;t<9dep5d5tly2f!te/+situ,n4<#d4,audiov].ns(ate/s]ve6/&>dize<oraldeliv]y(!te/3t5t&mayreduce<!numb](s*ool/affne$$=proctor+<oradm9i/]+te/sor,y4<#e4,te/publi%]smayonlyh!capabil;y<(provid+"ov].n(ate/9audio=mat4<,!v].nselect$==matt+%d2p>allel<93t5t&di6iculty6o!rv].ns4<#f4,te/publi%]sm/5suretn>rators<foll[3fid5tial;y&secur;yassur.epg,,te/,,a3essb#bc</&>ds(te/mat]ials4,secur;ym1sures<tak5:5"w+)audio=mats%dmirror^?<requir$=h&l+pr9torbrlmat]ials<7..,k5tucky,core,3t5t,te/<,adm9i/r,n,manual.,supple;t1#bjjj74<#g4,te/publi%]sm/giveatt5;n<6packag+&label+(!audiote/4,audio<te/smayne$6bepackag$=ea*<9dividual/ud5t1)!appropriatepr9t<&_/orbrlsupple;tsne$$0!/ud5t&!<te/adm9i/rator4<#h4,audiov].ns%d2develop$us+!<res\rce..,!,>t&,sci;e(,audiotape<,book.,produc;npubli%$0!,n,nal<,libr>y,s]vice=!,bl&,physic,y<,h&icapp$1,libr>y(,3gress4<,require;ts=n>rator1monitor1&<pro(r1d]>eprovid$9?docu;t4<-------------------------------------#bd<#i4,!,n,nal,brl,associ,n9..,tape<,record+,manual1,?ird.,edi;n<7#aigi7provides9/ruc;ns=r1d+<ma!matic9/ruc;nalmat]ials4,?s\rce<recomm5dstgraphicmat]ials2#dgpg,,te/,,a3essa#bd<describ$1ifpossi#1&a3ompani$0pr9t<ortactilev].ns(!graphics4,s*<modific,nsne$6beapprov$0!te/<publi%]4,moreov]1!audiodescrip;ns1<pr9t1&tactilev].ns(!mat]ialne$<6becoord9at$4,ifdi6]5tde"p;ts)9!<same-panyordi6]5tv5dors>e<responsi#=develop+&produc+!<a3essi#m$ia1"os\rce%d2responsi#<=5sur+t!m$ia>ecoord9at$6!ext5t<specifi$4<#aj4,audiov].ns(!te/m/2a3ompani$<0pr9torbrlv].ns6all[/ud5tsa3ess<6*>ts1pictures1&o!rgraphicmat]ial<tmay2ne$$6answ]"qson!te/4,"s<graphicmat]ialc2describ$or,y1<:ileo!rgraphicmat]ial_c2describ$<)\trev1l+!answ]orprovid+an<unfairadvantage6!audious]4<#aa4,!audiote/%d9/ruct!/ud5t6/op<atc]ta9po9ts4,/eps9packag+&_/or<m1sures6beemploy$0!te/adm9i/rator<orproctorm/2e/abli%$65surette/<tak]s"wonlyonall[a#sec;ns(!te/4pg,,te/,,a3essb#bd<,=example1selectsubte/smay2<record$ondi6]5tcassettetapesor<;,,cd's&!ncollect$zrequir$4<#ab4,n>r,n(pr9tmat]ialsm/foll[<,n,nal,libr>y,s]vice7,,nls7<specific,ns(m9imuma3epta#<require;ts7,specific,ns,no4#cjj&<,no4#cjd74<#ac4,te/adm9i/r,nmat]ials%d9dicate<!equip;trequir$0!/ud5t=us+audio<v].ns(ate/4,=acassettetapev].n<(ate/1a/&>dtwo-tracktape<play]_/record]&h1dph"osw2ne$$4<,anaudiote/on;,,cdwrequireuse<(a-mon;,,cdplay]oradigitaltalk+<bookplay]1dep5d+on!audiofile<type(!;,,cd4,reg>d.s(!play]us$1<abackupplay]capa#(play+!same<audiom$ium%d2availa#4,a3ess<6electricalp[]orsu6ici5tbatt]ies=<play]_/record]use%d29dicat$4,te/<adm9i/rators%d29/ruct$69spect!<equip;tfunc;ns2fte/+2g9s4<#ad4,provi.nsm/2made9!te/#dipg,,te/,,a3essc#bd<adm9i/r,nmanual=!malfunc;n+(audio<equip;t4,/ud5tsmayh6bete/$ata<lat]"tifmalfunc;n+o3urs4,/ud5ts<m/n2d5i$a3ess6!adm9i/r,n(ate/<2c(equip;tmalfunc;n+orfailure4<-------------------------------------#be<#ae4,te/adm9i/ratorswne$6monitor</ud5t8move;t0"?audiov].ns65suret<!/ud5tma9ta9s!appropriateplace9<!te/&65suret!audiov].nisplay+<prop]ly4,:5us+atwo-sid$cassette<tape1/ud5tsmayne$6berem9d$6play<!o!rside(atape4,prior6adm9i/]+!<te/1&9!abs;e(/ud5ts1te/<proctors%dspot*eckaudio=mats<65sureprop]op],n(!audiom$ium&<equip;t4<#af4,/ud5tsus+anaudiov].n(ate/m/<2s1t$9aquiet>ea&awayfo!r</ud5tssto!r/ud5ts>en4turb$0!<audiom$iumorequip;top],n4,/ud5ts<c*oose6useh1dph"os4<#ag4,te/publi%]sm/selectanexp]i;ed<n>rator)appropriatevoice1spee*1pg,,te/,,a3essa#be<a3uracy1&pronunci,nskills4<7,pronunci,nres\rces>eavaila#f<,,nls47<#ah4,n>r,nm/2evaluat$&pro(r1d<65surette/3t5tis3vey$a3urately&<t"qs>epres5t$)\tun9t5d$emphasis<oncorrectansw]s4<#ai4,ap]son)id5ticalte/mat]ials%d<monitor!n>rator65surea3uracydur+<audioproduc;n4,a?irdp]son%d2us$<=!pro(r1d+(audiomat]ials4<----------------------------------#bf-bg<,,"s,,guidel9es,,=,,oral,,r1d+<,,or,,sign+,,(,a,,te/<<,/ud5ts:o>evisu,yimpair$ord1fbl<mayne$!a3ommod,n(ar1d]orsign<language9t]pret]4,o3a.n,y1anaudio<v].n(ate/isnproduc$1&ate/<publi%]1develop]1orassess;tp]sonnel<wall[!r1d+orsign+7use(sign<language7(ate/orpor;ns(ate/=</ud5ts^:,9dividualiz$,$uc,n,program<7,,iep7specifies?a3ommod,n4,2f#eapg,,te/,,a3essa#bg<us+oralr1d+orsignlanguagezan<a3ommod,n1c>e;latt5;nm/2giv56!<3/ructs2+m1sur$4,=example1ifa<sec;n(!te/isdesign$6assessr1d+za<decod+skill1!n!r1d+orsign+(!te/<6a/ud5twd9validate!results=!9t5d$<purpose4,9^!9/.es13sid]analt]nate<te/orredef9e!3/ruct=!9dividual</ud5t4,alw*eck)!te/publi%]orte/<develop]6det]m9e!3/ruct9t5t&<a3ommod,nuse="picul>sec;ns(ate/4<,!,$uc,nal,te/+,s]vicerec5tlypo/$<on_!website..,,ets,guidel9es=a<,te/.,r1d]1:hbe5madeavaila#9<,app5dix;,f(?docu;t"?special<p]mis.nf,,ets4,?docu;tishelp;l9<\tl9+!"*i/ics(agdr1d]1provid+<g5]al9=m,n=r1d]s19dicat+special<3sid],ns=multiple-*oicete/s1a4ress+<ma!maticsr1d+1&provid+te/c5t]<proc$ures=us+ar1d]4,9a4i;n1<3sid],n(!foll[+po9tsw5sure<appropriateprovi.n(oralr1d+orsign+<(ate/orpor;n(ate/4pg,,te/,,a3essb#bg<<#a4,te/secur;y&3fid5tial;y/&>dsm/<2upheld4<#b4,!te/purposem/2specifi$65sure<tr1d+orsign+ate/orpor;ns(ate/<dn9validateresultsorprecludeh[!<resultsw2report$4<#c4,anexp]i;edte/$itor&profes.nals<9volv$9"w+)/ud5ts:orequirer1d]s<or9t]pret]sne$6be9clud$9!t1m(<p]sonstadaptte/s:>e6ber1dor<sign$4<#d4,aprep>$scriptwhelp5surea<3si/5t1/&>diz$pres5t,n(!te/items4<#e4,ar1d]orsignlanguage9t]pret]m/<hskills9pres5t+v>i\stypes(te/<mat]ials4,=example1"s"ofamili>)<ma!maticalsymbolsisne$$9ord]<6correctlyr1d&3veyhi<]levelma?<=mulas&equ,ns4<#f4,a/&>dvideopres5t,n(!te/9sign<languageisrecomm5d$65surequal;y1<3si/5cy1pac+1&a3uracy4<#g4,!p]sonselect$6r1date/6a#ecpg,,te/,,a3essc#bg</ud5t%dh!"*i/ics(gdvoicequal;y<&appropriatespe$&t"o4<-------------------------------------#bh<#h4,!p]sonsign+ate/m/2atra9$<9t]pret]&2a#6translate9!same<me?od(signlanguagetypic,yus$0!</ud5t4,xisnrecomm5d$t!/ud5t's<t1*]2!9t]pret]=!te/+situ,nun.s<asecondp]sonispres5t6monitor=<qual;y&fair;sdur+adm9i/r,n(!te/4<#i4,voice9flec;n7regionaldialect&<pronunci,n7famili>;yisrecomm5d$4<#aj4,!n>ratoror9t]pret]m/avoid<voice9flec;nt/ressesoro!rwise<9dicates!correctansw]6te/items4<#aa4,/ud5tste/$"?oralr1d+(!exam<m/2te/$9dividu,y6prev5t!te/+<situ,nf2com+agr\pef=t4,moreov]1<te/+9dividu,yhelps5suretea*/ud5t<rcvs!specificoralr1d+/ructure<requir$0hisorh]9dividualne$s4<#ab4,direc;nsc2r1dorsign$6gr\ps(</ud5ts4<#ac4,prior6!te/+situ,n1di6icult^wspg,,te/,,a3essa#bh<m/2review$0!p]son:oisgo+6r1d<orsign!te/4,usepronunci,n<dic;n>ieszref];es4<#ad4,oralr1d]s&9t]pret]swne$<6pauseatappropriate9t]vals6provide<!/ud5tanopportun;y6answ]te/items<ora3essgraphicmat]ialprovid$9<pr9tortactile=mats4<#ae4,graphicmat]ialsmay2describ$z<detail$9!prescrib$script1bm/al<2madeavaila#9pr9tortactile<=mats4<#af4,oralr1d]sor9t]pret]sm/avoid<provid+anansw]6a/ud5t's"q3c]n+<cl>ific,n(te/+3t5t4,do+swd<provideanunfairadvantage4,develop+<"s/&>dresponses6/ud5ts'"qsprior<6!te/+situ,nishelp;l4,=example1<yc5c\rage!/ud5t6li/56!"qag4<#ag4,r1d]sor9t]pret]smayne$<6providemultipler1d+sorsign+s(<passages1"ps(passages1oritems4<,un.s9/ruct$o!rwise9!,te/<,adm9i/r,n,manual1profes.nal#eepg,,te/,,a3essb#bh<judg;t&anyguid.eprovid$9!,,iep<%d2us$6det]m9e!numb](r1d+snec4<#ah4,if!oralr1d]or9t]pret]isal<-plet+anansw]%eet=a/ud5t1!<transf](answ]sm/2p]=m$c>e;lly<65suret!/ud5t'sansw]s>erecord$z<9t5d$47,seesec;non,guidel9es=<,brl&,l>ge,pr9t,te/,response<,transcrip;n47<#ai4,twor1d]sor9t]pret]s%d2us$=<pres5t+ate/orpor;ns(ate/6a</ud5t4,us+twor1d]sor9t]pret]s<helps5surea3uracy(te/pres5t,n&<provides!opportun;y=r1d]sor<9t]pret]s6re/af#ae-bjm9utes(<pres5t+te/mat]ial4<-------------------------------------#bi<,,a3ommod,ns,,9,,te/+,,/ud5ts<,,),,visual,,impair;ts<<,a3ommod,ns>e9t5d$6level!play+<field=any/ud5t)a4abil;y4,"!>e1<0nature(!4abil;y1c]ta9a3ommod,nst<>ene$$0/ud5ts)visualimpair;ts4,npg,,te/,,a3essa#bi<all(!a3ommod,ns4cuss$9?sec;n>e<9t5d$=all/ud5ts)visualimpair;ts4<,likewise1"sa3ommod,nsne$$0/ud5ts)<visualimpair;tsmayn24cuss$9?<sec;n4<,a3ommod,ns&te*nologiesexi/<6providele>n]s)visualimpair;tsa3ess<6academic9/ruc;n&te/+4,!t]m<8te*nology0-es"u!def9i;n(assi/ive<te*nologyzdescrib$9f$]allaw&is<3sid]$ana3ommod,n6!te/+(/ud5ts)<visualimpair;ts4<,!ne$=a3ommod,nsis!deci.n(!<,9dividualiz$,$uc,n,programt1m&m/2<record$on!,,iep4,a3ommod,nsus$9<te/+%dmat*^?us$0!/ud5t=classroom<9/ruc;n4,a3ommod,nuseisdet]m9$<0evaluat+factorsunique6ea*/ud5t&m/<2imple;t$z\tl9$on!,,iep4,evalu,n<(!e6ective;s(a3ommod,ns=9dividual</ud5tsishiee6ective=!</ud5t4,"sa3ommod,ns%d2elim9at$:5&<if!/ud5t>rivesatapo9t":heor%e<eidoesnne$!a3ommod,nor!a3ommod,n<is9e6ective4<,?sec;nprovidesanov]view(<a3ommod,nstmie4cuss$1&<specifica3ommod,ns=brlr1d]s1l>ge<pr9tr1d]s1&audious]s>epres5t$4<<,g5]al,a3ommod,ns=,/ud5ts)<,visual,impair;ts<<,pres5t,n,a3ommod,ns<#a4,"s/ud5ts:o>evisu,yimpair$may<ne$direc;nsor"ste/items1o!r?an<^?assess+r1d+zadecod+skill1r1d<6!m47,seesec;non,"s,guidel9es=<,oral,r1d+&,sign+(a,te/47pg,,te/,,a3ess#cj<#b4,-put]assi/$te/+isana3ommod,nt<hasrcvd"satt5;n"?rese>*1?\<</udies3c]n+xsb5efit>e9conclusive<7,t9dal@&,fu*s1#aiii74,g5],y1<h["e1:5a/ud5tusesa-put]=daily<classroomactivities1!n?a3ommod,n<mayproveuse;ldur+te/+if!3cepts<2+te/$>en"um9$4,"!>es"eal<programs&p]iph]almat]ialstc2us$<6adapt!-put]=use0p]sons)visual<impair;ts4,scre5r1d]s1text6spee*<te*nology1&a3essi#keybo>da3ess"?<brlorswit*es>eallavaila#4,dep5d+<on!3/ruct2+te/$1te/adm9i/rators<m/v]ifyt!/ud5tis9hibit$fa3ess+<s(tw>eorh>dw>etmayprovidean<unfairadvantage4,=example1ifa</ud5t'sbasicma?skills>e2+assess$<&!9t5tisn6useacalculator1!n!<keybo>dfunc;nsors(tw>eus$=<-put,nsm/2block$4<#c4,:5te/+all[s!use(non-sci5tific<orsci5tificcalculators1/ud5ts)<visualimpair;ts%d2p]mitt$#eipg,,te/,,a3essa#cj<6useanequival5tdevicethasbe5<adapt$=use0!visu,yimpair$us]1<e4g41anon-sci5tificorsci5tific<talk+calculator4,%da/ateprovide<non-sci5tificorsci5tificcalculators<=!sietak+!te/4<#d4,"s"ts/ud5tsmaywant6use<manipulativedevices1s*zarul]or<template16ma9ta9place;tonal9e(<brlorpr9t4<<,response,a3ommod,ns<#a4,/ud5ts)visualimpair;tsmayne$<6pres5tansw]sor,y6ate/adm9i/rator<:o-pletes!answ]%eet47,seesec;n<on,"s,guidel9es=,brl&,l>ge,pr9t<,te/,response,transcrip;n47<#b4,/ud5ts)visualimpair;tsmayne$<6writeansw]s9!te/bookletoron<sep>atepap]us+abrlwrit]orslate&</ylus4,!/ud5t'sansw]sw!nne$6bepg,,te/,,a3essb#cj<transcrib$&transf]r$6!answ]%eet4<7,seesec;non,"s,guidel9es=,brl&<,l>ge,pr9t,te/,response<,transcrip;n47<#c4,/ud5tsmayne$6writeansw]sus+a<^wprocess+sy/em16betransf]r$6!<answ]%eet4,dep5d+on!3/ruct2+<te/$1te/adm9i/ratorsm/v]ifyt</ud5ts>e9hibit$fa3ess+s(tw>eor<h>dw>etmayprovideanunfair<advantage4,=example1ifa/ud5tis<respond+6awrit+prompt&!writ+w2<judg$bas$oncorrectspell+&gramm>1<!n!spell*eckfunc;n&gramm><func;nsm/24a#d4<-------------------------------------#ca<#d4,ifa/ud5tm/drawor"sh[<demon/ratearesponse1xisess5tialt<a3essi#tools&mat]ialst>etypic,y<us$0!/ud5t=9/ruc;nalpurposes2<madeavaila#9!te/+5viron;tzl;gz<nounfairadvantageisprovid$4,on<itemss*z^!1xisvimportantt<scor+crit]ia2welldef9$4#fapg,,te/,,a3essa#ca<<,tim+,a3ommod,ns<#a4,!use(ext5d$"t=te/-ple;nisa<te/+a3ommod,nthasrcvd3sid]a#<att5;ns9ce/atete/+&a3.tabil;y<sy/emshbe5imple;t$4,rese>*<9ve/igat+!use(ext5d$"thasyield$<ll3clusive9=m,nabxsb5efit7,t9dal<@&,fu*s1#aiii74,h["e1/ud5ts)<visualimpair;tswusu,yrequire<ext5d$"tdur+te/+2cus+brl1l>ge<pr9t1&audio=matsrequirem"t?an<doesr1d+regul>pr9t)a3epta#visual<acu;y4,a/udy0,wetzel&,"klton<7#bjjj7su7e/stexp]i;edadultbrl<r1d]smayne$nom?an#ej@3pa4i;nal<"t?an!/at$dur,n1)a4i;nal"t<all[$=!manipul,n(anaudiodevice<or!m>k+(anansw]%eet4,93tra/1<ane>li]rese>*]f.dtbrlr1d]s)f><lessbrl-r1d+exp]i;e?an!subjects<m5;n$9!,wetzel&,"klton/udymay<ne$2t#b&#c"tszm*"tz_!sigepr9t<r1d]shasbe5#a-a/b"t1&=brlr1d]s<"tallott$hasbe5twicezm*"tzt<all[$=!regul>pr9tr1d]7,l[5feld1<,abel1@&,hatl51#aifi1pp4#ia-ib74<,reg>d.s(!"tall[$1!/ud5t%d2<c>e;llymonitor$65sure"tis2+us$<appropriately4,if/ud5tsne$an<9ord9ateam.t("t1$ucatorsmayne$<69ve/igate!e6ici5cy(!*os5r1d+<modeor9itiaterem$i,n6improvespe$4<,g5],y1tim+a3ommod,ns%d2<9dividualiz$ac6!te/tak]'sr1d+<rate&te/+situ,n7,wetzel@&<,"klton1#bjjj747,see,app5dix;,eon<!8,use(,ext5d$,"t407<#b4,r1d+brlorl>gepr9t&li/5+<6mat]ialpres5t$or,y1especi,y:5<a3ompani$0graphicmat]ial1c2a<fatigu+&(t5fru/rat+exp]i;e9ahi<</akeste/+5viron;t4,"!=e1/ud5tsmay<ne$s"ealbriefses.ns9:6take!<te/4,a4i;nalbr1kop;ns%dal2#fcpg,,te/,,a3essc#ca<3sid]$4<#c4,/ud5tsmayne$6bete/$ov]al;g]<"tp]iod1aweekr?antwo"ds1=<example4,h["e1anyalt],n(!"tta#w<necessitateclosesup]vi.n65surete/<secur;y4<-------------------------------------#cb<#d4,/ud5tsmayne$6bete/$atdi6]5t<"ts(!"ddep5d+on_!optimalfunc;n+<"t4<<,sett+,a3ommod,ns<#a4,"svisu,yimpair$/ud5tsmayne$<6beadm9i/]$ate/orselectsubte/s<9dividu,yor9smallgr\ps1z<recomm5d$on!,,iep16helpmaximize!</ud5ts'p]=m.eor65suret!text<a3ommod,nsne$$0!/ud5ts>eimple;t$<)\t9t]f];e6!3c5tr,n&te/tak+<results(o!r/ud5ts4<#b4,ifa/ud5tis2+r1dto1isrecord+<answ]s0us+te*nologytisnoisy1or<isrecord+answ]sor,y1!nheor%em/<take!te/9dividu,y&"u!sup]vi.npg,,te/,,a3essa#cb<(ate/adm9i/rator9ord]6avoid<4tract+or9flu5c+!responses(o!r</ud5ts4<<,specific,a3ommod,ns9,te/+<,visu,y,impair$,/ud5ts<,brl1l>gepr9t1&audio>ea3ommod,ns<t"svisu,yimpair$/ud5tswuse<9t]*angeably4,a/ud5tmay1=example1<r1dapassage9brl&pref]6a3essata#<or*>t9an5l>g$v].n(!te/4,"!=e1</ud5ts%d2all[$6useal>gepr9t7or<regul>pr9t)magnific,n7&abrlv].n(!<te/1ifreque/$4<,anabacusis(t5use;l=/ud5ts:5<ma!maticspro#ms>e6be"w$)\ta<calculator4,!abacusfunc;nszpap]&<p5cil="s/ud5ts)visualimpair;ts:o<hrcvd9/ruc;n&practiceon!use(!<abacus47,see,app5dix;,d=!posi;n<pap]8,us+!,abacus9,te/-,tak+<,situ,ns407<,o!rtoolsavaila#=use0visu,y<impair$/ud5ts9cludebrlorl>ge#fepg,,te/,,a3essb#cb<pr9trul]s&protractors1rais$l9eor<boldl9egraphpap]1orrais$l9eor<boldl9ewrit+pap]4,3tact!,am]ican<,pr9t+,h\se=!,bl7,,aph7=m9=m,nor<6reque/acatalog(availa#mat]ials1or<visit,,aphon!,9t]netat<_+www.aph.org_:4<<,specific,a3ommod,ns9,te/+,r1d]s<,:o,require,5l>g$or,l>ge,pr9t<,5l>g$pr9tist:is#adpo9t1#af<po9t1orregul>pr9tthasbe55l>g$us+<magnific,ndevices4,l>gepr9tis#ah-<po9ttype&l>g]4,5l>g$pr9t&l>ge<pr9t>ea3ommod,ns4<-------------------------------------#cc<,"s/ud5tsmay*oose6usearegul><pr9tte/&5l>gexmanu,y)amagnific,n<device):!y>efamili>4,magnific,n<devices9cludeeyeglass-m.t$magnifi]s1<free/&+orh&heldmagnifi]s1&<electronicequip;ts*z!clos$circuit<televi.n7,,cctv71ora-put]thastext<5l>ge;ts(tw>e9/all$4,^!devicesdnpg,,te/,,a3essa#cc<providea/ud5t)anunfairadvantage4<,r1!y>edevicest!/ud5trequires<6a3esspr9t1&!y%d2all[$z/&>d<a3ommod,ns4,%da-put]2us$zan<a3ommod,n1!te/adm9i/ratorm/5suret<-put]op;nso!r?anscre55l>ge;t>en<us$un.sapprov$za3ommod,ns=a"picul><te/4<,prop]lie1:ile<"s"tsov]look$1>ecritical=_mr1d]s)<visualimpair;ts4,livisual<ne$s&m9imizegl>ewhelppromote<su/a9$r1d+e6ici5cy4<<,specific,a3ommod,ns=,audio&<,oral,te/,adm9i/r,n<,/ud5tsus+anaudiov].n(ate/or<hav+!te/or,yadm9i/]$zana3ommod,n<%dal2all[$6hpr9t7l>gepr9tor<regul>pr9t)amagnific,ndevice7&brl<v].ns(!te/1ifreque/$4,a/ud5tmay<wi%6li/56apassage0way(audio1b<a3essata#or*>t9al>gepr9t#fgpg,,te/,,a3essb#cc<orbrlv].n(!te/4,li/5+6anoral<descrip;n(ageometricfigurec2<di6icultorimpossi#6foll[un.san<5l>g$graphicoratactilegraphic<a3ompanies!oraldescrip;n4<----------------------------------#cd-ce<,,"s,,guidel9es,,=,,brl,,&<,,l>ge,,pr9t,,te/,,response<,,transcrip;n<<,"s/ud5ts)visualimpair;tswuse!<a3ommod,n(oralresponse1writt5<response7on!te/bookletoronpap]<o!r?an!te/answ]%eetprovid$0!te/<publi%]71ortap$response4,ea*(^!<a3ommod,nsrequirestap]sontranscribe<!answ]sonto!answ]%eetorbooklett<w2scor$4,^!guidel9es>eprovid$<65surettranscrip;nisp]=m$<appropriately4<<#a4,3fid5tial;y(!te/mat]ials&!</ud5t's9dividualresponsesis<critical4,transcrib]sm/tr1t!te/+pg,,te/,,a3essa#ce<mat]ials&!/ud5tresponses9asecure<&3fid5tialmann]65surete/&/ud5t<id5tific,nsecur;y4<#b4,responsetranscrib]sm/"kbrlif<transcrib+brlresponses4<#c4,xisbe/if!responsetranscrib]<isa8neutral0p]son1n"s"o)ave/$<9t]e/9!/ud5t'sscores4<#d4,responsetranscrib]sm/provide!<exactansw]st!/ud5thaswritt5us+<!samepunctu,n1spell+1&gramm></ructure4,!y_cguess:at!/ud5t<mie9complete4<#e4,xisrecomm5d$t!response<transcrib]hasecondp]sonpro(r1d!<responses65surea3uracy&fair;s6!</ud5t4,:5transcrib+graphicsta</ud5thasproduc$1twotranscrib]s%d<"wtgr9transf]r+/ud5tansw]s6!<answ]%eetorbooklet4<#f4,=ap]iod("t1/ud5tresponsesm/2<ma9ta9$9asecurefile)te/"n1<copy"rye>1=m&leveladm9i/]$st!</ud5t'sactualresponsesc2#fipg,,te/,,a3essb#ce<review$if"qs>ise4<----------------------------------#cf-cg<,,report+,,te/,,results,,(<,,/ud5ts,,),,visual,,impair;ts<<,foll[+!require;ts(f$]allaw1!<scores(/ud5ts:otakeassess;ts9<a3essi#=matm/2report$=a3.tabil;y<purposes4,:5report+!results(/ud5ts<)visualimpair;ts1c>em/2tak5<6protect!/ud5t'sprivacy:ile<appropriatelyrepres5t+!te/score9<3sid],n(!a3ommod,n7s7us$4,/ud5tsm/<n2p5aliz$=use(approv$a3ommod,nst<dn*ange!te/3/ruct&dnprovidean<unfairadvantage6!te/tak]4,report+(<scores%d2a3sid],ndur+!te/<develop;tphasestall"pies"u/&!<purpose(!te/+&h[!resultsw2<report$&us$4<<,report+,te/,results=,brl<,edi;ns<,=mo/assess;ts1brlte/v].ns%d2pg,,te/,,a3essa#cg<reg>d$zappropriatea3ommod,ns=/ud5ts<:ousebrldaily4,anyrescal+(brlte/<v].nstisp]=m$2c(itemomis.n%d2<report$4,!scores(^?/ud5tstak+a<te/9brl%d23sid]$validzl;gz!<te/hasbe5prep>$us+!guidel9es<pres5t$9?docu;t4,/ud5ts:or1dbrl<dailyne$6usebrl6respond6te/items4<,?dualuseprovidesan<9/ruc;nal_/assess;tvalid;ymat*4<,ext5siveef=tsto8prove0abrlte/<9valid2c(adi6];e9=mat>enei<recomm5d$noruse;l4,if!purpose(a<te/is6det]m9e$uc,nalskillprogress1<!valid;yc2a4ress$03firm+t!m$ia<us$=9/ruc;nmat*est:isus$=<assess;t4<<,report+,te/,results=,l>ge,pr9t<,edi;ns<,frequ5tly1l>gepr9tv].ns(te/sal<qualifyzappropriatea3ommod,ns=use<dur+!assess;t(/ud5ts:ousel>ge<pr9tdaily4,un.s!assess;thas#gapg,,te/,,a3essb#cg<be5re=matt$1!l>gepr9tv].nisa<cam]a-5l>g$v].n(!orig9alv].n4,if!<te/isalt]$"?removal(%ad+1oro!r<clutt]fgraphics1!use(!l>gepr9t<=mat%d23sid]$anappropriate&valid<a3ommod,n4,g5],y1ifre=matt+isp]=m$<9amann]pres]v+!orig9alte/3t5t1!<re=matt$v].n%d23sid]$valid4<,produc]s(l>gepr9tm/"w)te/<publi%]s6v]ifyt!te/mat]ialhasn<be5alt]$93t5torpurpose6ma9ta9te/<valid;y4<-------------------------------------#ch<,report+,te/,results=,audio&<,or,y,adm9i/]$,te/s<,reg>d+mo/assess;ts1!use(audio&<or,yadm9i/]$te/s%d23sid]$<appropriatea3ommod,ns=/ud5ts:ouse<audio&oral=matsonar\t9ebasis<6a3essmat]ials4,=te/stassessr1d+z<adecod+skill7visu,yortactu,y71<audio&or,yadm9i/]$v].nsmay*ange!<skill2+te/$1&?%d2not$9anypg,,te/,,a3essa#ch<report(scor+4<<,,5d,,(,,volume#a<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<#gcpg_Æ $ 7 68P54"/10FEUD,IHYXZ-%#Q@A?J+'&;:.MOVS)(<=*NTKCBL>G 93]^\RW!2[1-1.1-3.1-5.3-1.3-3.3-5.3-7.5-3.5-5.5-7.5-9.7-11.7-5.7-7.7-9.9-11.9-13.9-7.9-9.acronymAttribution.B-BodyText.BB-BoxBegin.BD-BoxDouble.BE-BoxEnd.BH-BoxCenteredHead.BL-BlockProtectLevelboldBP-BlockProtectC-Caption.C1-ContentsSingleIndent.C2-ContentsMultiIndent.CB-CenteredBlankBefore.CD-CBCDisplay.Centered.CI-CBCInlinecompdisplay.compinlineCR-CrossReference.CT-Cartoon.Directions.DirectionsNemeth.E1-ExerciseSingleIndent.E1P-ExerciseSingleProtect.E2-ExerciseMultiIndent.E2N-ExerciseMultiIndentNemeth.E2NP-ExerciseMultiProtectNemethE2P-ExerciseMultiProtect.ExactTranslationFootnote.frenchG1-GlossarySingleIndent.G2-GlossaryMultiIndent.germanGO-GuideWordsOffGW-GuideWordH1-HeadingCentered.H2-HeadingCell5.Hyperlinki-italicI1-IndexSingleIndent.I2-IndexMultiIndent.InitialitalianL-List.L2-LineNums2L3-LineNums3latinLeftFlush.MainBody.NB-NoBoldNE-NewPageEven.NewPageNemeth.NN-NewPageNext.NO-NewPageOdd.NS-NoNumberSignP1-Poem1.P2-Poem2.P3-Poem3.P4-Poem4.PP-ProsePlay.PrelimPageNumber.PS-ProseStage.RefPageNemeth.RefPageNumber.spanishStairstepTable.TOC:leftTOC:rightTOC:titleTranscriberNote.underlineVP-VersePlay.VS-VerseStage.word:mws¾ Ñilng~frlnglng~delnglng~eslnglhi1:3:0:0:0:0:1:1:3hillhi1:5:0:0:0:0:1:1:5hillhi3:1:0:0:0:0:1:3:1hillhi3:3:0:0:0:0:1:3:3hillhi5:5:0:0:0:0:1:5:5hillhi7:7:0:0:0:0:1:7:7hillhi3:5:0:0:0:0:1:3:5hillhi3:7:0:0:0:0:1:3:7hillhi5:7:0:0:0:0:1:5:7hillhi5:9:0:0:0:0:1:5:9hillhi7:5:0:0:0:0:1:7:5hillhi1:5:0:2:2hillsc1:0:0hi5:5:0:2:0:0:2:7:5hillhi1:1:0:0:0:0:1:1:1ind1llhi1:1:0:2:2kpskpehillhi1:5:0:2:0:0:2:3:5hillhi1:7:0:2:0:0:3:5:7hillhi1:9:0:2:0:0:4:7:9hillhi1:3:0:0:0:0:1:1:3hillkbs1hi5:5:0:2:2hillhi7:5:0:0:0:0:1:7:5hillhi5:7:0:0:0:0:1:5:7hillhi1:3:6:0:0:0:1:3:6hillhi1:5:6:2:2hillhi1:3:0:0:0:0:1:1:3hillhi1:5:0:2:2hillhi1:1:0:0:0:0:1:1:1hillhi1:3:0:0:0:0:1:1:3hillhi5:5:0:2:0:0:2:7:5hillhi1:5:0:2:0:0:2:3:5hillhi3:1:0:0:0:0:1:3:1hillhi1:3:0:0:0:0:1:1:3hillhi5:3:0:0:0:0:1:5:3hillsc1:0:1hi5:3:0:0:0:0:1:5:3hillhi1:5:0:2:0:0:2:3:5hillhi1:3:0:0:0:0:1:1:3hillsc1:0:1hi1:3:0:0:0:0:1:1:3hisc1:0:0llng~itlnglng~lalnglhi7:5:0:2:2hillkpssc1:0rm6hdshdekpe1:2lsc1:1:1hi7:7:0:0:0:0:1:7:7sk1hillkpssc1:0rm6hdsrps1rpe1hderm0sk1kpe1:2ind1fr;f~7q~7ind1lind1fr;f~gq~glind1fr;f~=d~=ind1llhi7:7:0:2:0:0:2:9:7hilkpsleakpe1:1llhi9:9:0:0:0:0:1:9:9hillhi9:7:0:0:0:0:1:9:7hillhi7:9:0:0:0:0:1:7:9hillhi7:11:0:0:0:0:1:7:11hillhi9:11:0:0:0:0:1:9:11hiltcekpsleakpe1:1tcslmecq~73t47svrfs6:6meg:;rfdlpstaa39onsonelprlpstaa38onsonelpronsonelhi1:5:0:2:2kpskpehillhi1:5:0:2:0:0:2:3:5hillhi1:5:0:2:0:0:2:3:5kpskpehiltopleatoptceleatcslkpskpekpski1ki0kpeind1kpsfr;f~7q~7<sc0rm6hds0:0hdesk1kpe1:2pv1~plkpshds0:0hdekpe1:2sc1:0ptys1cbwb-cbwbptyetxsc1:0:0cztxtopsd0topsd1lkpssc1:0:1ind5rps2rpe2ind1kpe1:2skn0:1tldtoppv1~lcbiwb-cbwbtxilhi9:13:0:0:0:0:1:9:13hillhi1:3:0:0:0:0:1:1:3kpskpehillhi7:5:0:0:0:0:1:7:5q~,'q~,'hilsvles0:0:1:1vrn~sdboldvrnfts~bfte~bfts~ifte~ifts~ufte~usc1:0ptys1cbwb-cbwbptyetxsc1:0:0cbiwb-cbwbtxicbiwb-cbwbtxiBANAContents,3t5tsChapter,*apt]Page,page